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Standard electrode potential (data page)

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The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F);
Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/dm³ for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species;
Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and
Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa (0.99 atm; 1.0 bar)).

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element	Half-reaction			E° (volt)	Electrons transferred	Reference
Element	Oxidant	⇌	Reductant	E° (volt)	Electrons transferred	Reference
Sr	Sr⁺ + e^–	⇌	Sr(s)	−4.101	1	^[1]
Ca	Ca⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ca(s)	−3.8	1	^[1]
Th	Th⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Th³⁺	−3.6	1	^[2]
Pr	Pr³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Pr²⁺	−3.1	1	Estimated^[3]
N	3 N₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 HN₃(aq)	−3.09	2	^[4]^[5]
Li	Li⁺ + e^–	⇌	Li(s)	−3.0401	1	^[5]^[6]^: 153
N	N₂(g) + 4 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	2 NH₂OH(aq) + 2 OH⁻	−3.04	2	^[4]
Cs	Cs⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cs(s)	−3.026	1	^[5]
Ca	Ca(OH)₂ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ca(s) + 2 OH⁻	−3.02	2	^[1]
Er	Er³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Er²⁺	−3	1	^[1]
Ba	Ba(OH)₂ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ba(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.99	2	^[1]
Rb	Rb⁺ + e^–	⇌	Rb(s)	−2.98	1	^[5]
K	K⁺ + e^–	⇌	K(s)	−2.931	1	^[5]
Ba	Ba²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ba(s)	−2.912	2	^[5]
La	La(OH)₃(s) + 3 e^–	⇌	La(s) + 3 OH⁻	−2.9	3	^[5]
Fr	Fr⁺ + e^–	⇌	Fr(s)	−2.9	1	^[1]
Sr	Sr²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sr(s)	−2.899	2	^[5]
Sr	Sr(OH)₂ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sr(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.88	2	^[1]
Ca	Ca²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ca(s)	−2.868	2	^[5]^[6]^: 153
Li	Li⁺ + C₆(s) + e^–	⇌	LiC₆(s)	−2.84	1	^[5]
Eu	Eu²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Eu(s)	−2.812	2	^[5]
Ra	Ra²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ra(s)	−2.8	2	^[5]
Ho	Ho³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ho²⁺	−2.8	1	^[1]
Bk	Bk³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Bk²⁺	−2.8	1	^[1]
Yb	Yb²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.76	2	^[1]
Na	Na⁺ + e^–	⇌	Na(s)	−2.71	1	^[5]^[7]
Mg	Mg⁺ + e^–	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.7	1	^[1]
Nd	Nd³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Nd²⁺	−2.7	1	^[1]
Mg	Mg(OH)₂ + 2 e^–	⇌	Mg(s) + 2 OH⁻	−2.69	2	^[1]
Sm	Sm²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.68	2	^[1]
Be	Be₂O₃²⁻ + 3 H₂O + 4 e^–	⇌	2 Be(s) + 6 OH⁻	−2.63	4	^[1]
Pm	Pm³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Pm²⁺	−2.6	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Dy²⁺	−2.6	1	^[1]
No	No²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	No(s)	−2.5	2	^[1]
Hf	HfO(OH)₂ + H₂O + 4 e^–	⇌	Hf(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.5	4	^[1]
Th	Th(OH)₄ + 4 e^–	⇌	Th(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.48	4	^[1]
Md	Md²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Md(s)	−2.4	2	^[1]
Tm	Tm²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.4	2	^[1]
La	La³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	La(s)	−2.379	3	^[5]
Y	Y³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Y(s)	−2.372	3	^[5]
Mg	Mg²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.372	2	^[5]
Sc	ScF₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sc(s) + 3 HF(aq)	−2.37	3	^[6]^: 792
Zr	ZrO(OH)₂(s) + H₂O + 4 e^–	⇌	Zr(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.36	4	^[5]
Pr	Pr³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Pr(s)	−2.353	3	^[1]
Ce	Ce³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ce(s)	−2.336	3	^[1]
Er	Er³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Er(s)	−2.331	3	^[1]
Ho	Ho³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.33	3	^[1]
Al	H₂AlO₃⁻ + H₂O + 3 e^–	⇌	Al(s) + 4 OH⁻	−2.33	3	^[1]
Nd	Nd³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.323	3	^[1]
Tm	Tm³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.319	3	^[1]
Al	Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 e^–	⇌	Al(s) + 3 OH⁻	−2.31	3	^[8]
Sm	Sm³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.304	3	^[1]
Fm	Fm²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Fm(s)	−2.3	2	^[1]
Am	Am³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Am²⁺	−2.3	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.295	3	^[1]
Lu	Lu³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Lu(s)	−2.28	3	^[1]
Sc	ScF₂⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sc(s) + 2 HF(l)	−2.28	3	^[6]^: 792
Tb	Tb³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Tb(s)	−2.28	3	^[1]
Gd	Gd³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Gd(s)	−2.279	3	^[1]
H	H₂(g) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 H⁻	−2.23	2	^[1]
Es	Es²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Es(s)	−2.23	2	^[1]
Pm	Pm²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pm(s)	−2.2	2	^[1]
Tm	Tm³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Tm²⁺	−2.2	1	^[1]
Dy	Dy²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.2	2	^[1]
Ac	Ac³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ac(s)	−2.2	3	^[1]
Yb	Yb³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.19	3	^[1]
Cf	Cf²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Cf(s)	−2.12	2	^[1]
Nd	Nd²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.1	2	^[1]
Ho	Ho²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.1	2	^[1]
Sc	Sc³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sc(s)	−2.077	3	^[9]
Al	AlF₆³⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Al(s) + 6 F⁻	−2.069	3	^[1]
Cm	Cm³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Cm(s)	−2.04	3	^[1]
Pu	Pu³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Pu(s)	−2.031	3	^[1]
Pr	Pr²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pr(s)	−2	2	^[1]
Er	Er²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Er(s)	−2	2	^[1]
Eu	Eu³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Eu(s)	−1.991	3	^[1]
Lr	Lr³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Lr(s)	−1.96	3	^[1]
Cf	Cf³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Cf(s)	−1.94	3	^[1]
Es	Es³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Es(s)	−1.91	3	^[1]
Pa	Pa⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Pa³⁺	−1.9	1	^[1]
Am	Am²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Am(s)	−1.9	2	^[1]
Th	Th⁴⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Th(s)	−1.899	4	^[1]
Fm	Fm³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Fm(s)	−1.89	3	^[1]
N	N₂(g) + 2 H₂O + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 NH₃OH⁺	−1.87	2	^[6]^: 789
Np	Np³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Np(s)	−1.856	3	^[1]
Be	Be²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Be(s)	−1.847	2	^[1]
P	H₂PO₂⁻ + e^–	⇌	P(s) + 2 OH⁻	−1.82	1	^[1]
U	U³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	U(s)	−1.798	3	^[1]
Sr	Sr²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sr(Hg)	−1.793	2	^[1]
B	H₂BO₃⁻ + H₂O + 3 e^–	⇌	B(s) + 4 OH⁻	−1.79	3	^[1]
Th	ThO₂ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Th(s) + 2 H₂O	−1.789	4	^[1]
Hf	HfO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Hf(s) + H₂O	−1.724	4	^[1]
P	HPO₃²⁻ + 2 H₂O + 3 e^–	⇌	P(s) + 5 OH⁻	−1.71	3	^[1]
Si	SiO₃²⁻ + 3 H₂O + 4 e^–	⇌	Si(s) + 6 OH⁻	−1.697	4	^[1]
Al	Al³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Al(s)	−1.662	3	^[1]
Ti	Ti²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.63	2	^[7]
Zr	ZrO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Zr(s) + 2 H₂O	−1.553	4	^[10]
Zr	Zr⁴⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Zr(s)	−1.45	4	^[10]
Ti	Ti³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.37	3	^[11]
Ti	TiO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ti(s) + H₂O	−1.31	2	^[6]^: 792
B	[B(OH)₄]⁻ + 4 H₂O + 8 e^–	⇌	BH₄⁻ + 8 OH⁻	−1.24	8	^[6]^: 788
Ti	Ti₂O₃(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 TiO(s) + H₂O	−1.23	2	^[6]^: 792
Ga	[Ga(OH)₄]⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ga(s) + 3 OH⁻	−1.22	3	^[6]^: 788
Zn	[Zn(OH)₄]²⁻) + 2 e^–	⇌	Zn(s) + 4 OH⁻	−1.199	2	^[10]
Mn	Mn²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Mn(s)	−1.185	2	^[10]
Fe	[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ + 6 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Fe(s) + 6 HCN(aq)	−1.16	2	^[12]
C	C(s) + 3 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	CH₃OH(l) + 2 OH⁻	−1.148	2	^[6]^: 788
Cr	[Cr(CN)₆]³⁻ + e^–	⇌	[Cr(CN)₆]⁴⁻	−1.143	1	^[6]^: 793
Te	Te(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Te²⁻	−1.143	2	^[13]
V	V²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	V(s)	−1.13	2	^[13]
Nb	Nb³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Nb(s)	−1.099	3	^[8]
Sn	Sn(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	SnH₄(g)	−1.07	4
Po	Po(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Po²⁻	−1.021	2	^[14]
Cr	[Cr(edta)(H₂O)]⁻ + e^–	⇌	[Cr(edta)(H₂O)]²⁻	−0.99	1	^[6]^: 793
P	2 H₃PO₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	(H₂PO₃)₂(aq) + H₂O	−0.933	2	^[6]^: 789
C	CO₃²⁻ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HCO₂⁻ + H₂O	−0.93	2	^[6]^: 788
Ti	TiO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Ti(s) + H₂O	−0.93	4
Si	SiO₂(quartz) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Si(s) + 2 H₂O	−0.909	4	^[6]^: 788
Cr	Cr²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.9	2	^[6]^: 793
B	B(OH)₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	B(s) + 3 H₂O	−0.89	3	^[6]^: 788
Fe	Fe(OH)₂(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Fe(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.89	2	^[12]
Fe	Fe₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Fe(OH)₂(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.86	2	^[12]
H	2 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂(g) + 2 OH⁻	−0.8277	2	^[10]
Bi	Bi(s) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	BiH₃	−0.8	3	^[10]
Zn	Zn²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Zn(Hg)	−0.7628	2	^[10]
Zn	Zn²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Zn(s)	−0.7618	2	^[10]
Ta	Ta₂O₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	2 Ta(s) + 5 H₂O	−0.75	10
Cr	Cr³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.74	3	^[7]
Te	2 Te(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Te₂²⁻	−0.74	2	^[6]^: 790
Ni	Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Ni(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.72	2	^[1]
Nb	Nb₂O₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	2 Nb(s) + 5 H₂O	−0.7	10	^[6]^: 793
Ag	Ag₂S(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Ag(s) + S²⁻	−0.69	2
Te	Te₂²⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 H₂Te(g)	−0.64	2	^[6]^: 790
Sb	[Sb(OH)₄]⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sb(s) + 4 OH⁻	−0.639	3	^[6]^: 789
Au	[Au(CN)₂]⁻ + e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 2 CN⁻	−0.6	1
Ta	Ta³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ta(s)	−0.6	3	^[8]
Pb	PbO(s) + H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.580	2	^[8]
Ti	2 TiO₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ti₂O₃(s) + H₂O	−0.56	2	^[6]^: 792
Ga	Ga³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.549	3	^[8]
U	U⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	U³⁺	−0.52	1	^[15]
P	H₃PO₂(aq) + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	P(white)^{[note 1]} + 2 H₂O	−0.508	1	^[10]
P	H₃PO₃(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₃PO₂(aq) + H₂O	−0.499	2	^[10]
Ni	NiO₂(s) + 2 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.49	2	^[1]
Sb	[Sb(OH)₆]⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	[Sb(OH)₄]⁻ + 2 OH⁻	−0.465	2	^[6]^: 789
P	H₃PO₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	P(red)^{[note 1]} + 3 H₂O	−0.454	3	^[10]
Bi	Bi₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O + 6 e^–	⇌	Bi(s) + 6 OH⁻	−0.452	6	^[6]^: 789
Ta	TaF₇²⁻ + 7 H⁺ + 5 e^–	⇌	Ta(s) + 7 HF(l)	−0.45	5	^[6]^: 793
In	In³⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	In⁺	−0.444	2	^[6]^: 788
Cu	[Cu(CN)₂]⁻ + e^–	⇌	Cu(s) + 2 CN⁻	−0.44	1	^[13]
Fe	Fe²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.44	2	^[7]
C	2 CO₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HOOCCOOH(aq)	−0.43	2
Cr	Cr³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cr²⁺	−0.407	1	^[8]
Cd	Cd²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Cd(s)	−0.4	2	^[8]
Ti	Ti³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ti²⁺	−0.37	1	^[6]^: 792
Cu	Cu₂O(s) + H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Cu(s) + 2 OH⁻	−0.36	2	^[10]
Pb	PbSO₄(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb(s) + SO₄²⁻	−0.3588	2	^[10]
Pb	PbSO₄(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb(Hg) + SO₄²⁻	−0.3505	2	^[10]
Eu	Eu³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Eu²⁺	−0.35	1	^[15]
In	In³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	In(s)	−0.34	3	^[13]
Tl	Tl⁺ + e^–	⇌	Tl(s)	−0.34	1	^[13]
Ge	Ge(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	GeH₄(g)	−0.29	4
Co	Co²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Co(s)	−0.28	2	^[10]
P	H₃PO₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₃PO₃(aq) + H₂O	−0.276	2	^[10]
N	N₂(g) + 8 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	2 NH₄⁺	0.27	6	^[16]
V	V³⁺ + e^–	⇌	V²⁺	−0.26	1	^[7]
Ni	Ni²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ni(s)	−0.257	2	^[8]
S	2 HSO₄⁻ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	S₂O₆²⁻ + 2 H₂O	−0.253	2	^[6]^: 790
As	As(s) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	AsH₃(g)	−0.23	3	^[13]
N	N₂(g) + 5 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	N₂H₅⁺	−0.23	4	^[6]^: 789
Ga	Ga⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.2	1	^[8]
Ag	AgI(s) + e^–	⇌	Ag(s) + I⁻	−0.15224	1	^[10]
Ge	GeO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Ge(s) + 2 H₂O	−0.15	4	^[16]
Mo	MoO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Mo(s) + 2 H₂O	−0.15	4
Si	Si(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	SiH₄(g)	−0.14	4
Sn	Sn²⁺ + 2 e⁻	⇌	Sn(s)	−0.13	2
O	O₂(g) + H⁺ + e⁻	⇌	HO^• ₂(aq)	−0.13	1
In	In⁺ + e⁻	⇌	In(s)	−0.126	1	^[6]^: 788
Pb	Pb²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb(s)	−0.126	2	^[7]
W	WO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	W(s) + 2 H₂O	−0.12	4
Ge	GeO₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	GeO(s) + H₂O	−0.118	2	^[8]
P	P(red) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	PH₃(g)	−0.111	3	^[10]
C	CO₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HCOOH(aq)	−0.11	2
Se	Se(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂Se(g)	−0.11	2	^[6]^: 790
C	CO₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	CO(g) + H₂O	−0.11	2
Sn	α-SnO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sn(s) + H₂O	−0.104	2	^[6]^: 788
Cu	[Cu(NH₃)₂]⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cu(s) + 2 NH₃(aq)	−0.1	1	^[13]
Nb	Nb₂O₅(s) + 10 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	2 Nb³⁺ + 5 H₂O	−0.1	4	^[6]^: 793
W	WO₃(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	W(s) + 3 H₂O	−0.09	6	^[13]
Sn	SnO₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	α-SnO(s) + H₂O	−0.088	2	^[6]^: 788
Fe	Fe₃O₄(s) + 8 H⁺ + 8 e^–	⇌	3 Fe(s) + 4 H₂O	−0.085	8	^[17]
V	VOH²⁺ + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	V²⁺ + H₂O	−0.082	1	^[6]^: 793
P	P(white) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	PH₃(g)	−0.063	3	^[10]
N	N₂O(g) + H₂O + 6 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	2 NH₃OH⁺	−0.05	4	^[6]^: 789
Fe	Fe³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.04	3	^[12]
C	HCOOH(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HCHO(aq) + H₂O	−0.034	2	^[6]^: 788
H	2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂(g)	0	2
Ag	AgBr(s) + e^–	⇌	Ag(s) + Br⁻	0.07133	1	^[10]
S	S₄O₆²⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 S₂O₃²⁻	0.08	2
N	N₂(g) + 2 H₂O + 6 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	2 NH₄OH(aq)	0.092	6
Hg	HgO(s) + H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	Hg(l) + 2 OH⁻	0.0977	2
Cu	[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + e^–	⇌	[Cu(NH₃)₂]⁺ + 2 NH₃(aq)	0.1	1	^[13]
Ru	[Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺ + e^–	⇌	[Ru(NH₃)₆]²⁺	0.1	1	^[15]
N	N₂H₄(aq) + 4 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	2 NH₄⁺ + 4 OH⁻	0.11	2	^[4]
Mo	H₂MoO₄(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	Mo(s) + 4 H₂O	0.11	6
Ge	Ge⁴⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Ge(s)	0.12	4
C	C(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	CH₄(g)	0.13	4	^[13]
C	HCHO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	CH₃OH(aq)	0.13	2
S	S(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂S(g)	0.144	2	^[6]^: 790
Sb	Sb₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	2 Sb(s) + 3 H₂O	0.15	6	^[6]^: 789
Sn	Sn⁴⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sn²⁺	0.151	2	^[8]
S	HSO₄⁻ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	SO₂(aq) + 2 H₂O	0.158	2	^[6]^: 790
Cu	Cu²⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cu⁺	0.159	1	^[13]
U	UO₂²⁺ + e^–	⇌	UO₂⁺	0.163	1	^[15]
S	SO₄²⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	SO₂(aq) + 2 H₂O	0.17	2
Ti	TiO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ti³⁺ + H₂O	0.19	1
Sb	SbO⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Sb(s) + H₂O	0.2	3
Fe	3 Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Fe₃O₄(s) + H₂O	0.22	2	^[18]^: p.100
Ag	AgCl(s) + e^–	⇌	Ag(s) + Cl⁻	0.22233	1	^[10]
As	H₃AsO₃(aq) + 3 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	As(s) + 3 H₂O	0.24	3	^[6]^: 789
Ru	Ru³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ru²⁺	0.249	1	^[19]
Pb	PbO₂(s) + H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	α-PbO(s) + 2 OH⁻	0.254	2	^[6]^: 788
Ge	GeO(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ge(s) + H₂O	0.26	2
Hg	Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl⁻	0.27	2	^[16]
U	UO₂⁺ + 4 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	U⁴⁺ + 2 H₂O	0.273	1	^[15]
At	At + e^–	⇌	At⁻	0.3	1	^[20]
Bi	Bi³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Bi(s)	0.308	3	^[10]
C	2 HCNO + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	(CN)₂ + 2 H₂O	0.330	2	^[8]
Cu	Cu²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Cu(s)	0.337	2	^[13]
V	VO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	V³⁺ + H₂O	0.337	1	^[6]^: 793
Sb	Sb₂O₄(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sb₂O₃(s) + H₂O	0.342	2	^[6]^: 789
At	At⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	At⁻	0.36	2	^[21]
Fe	[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ + e^–	⇌	[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻	0.3704	1	^[22]
C	(CN)₂ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 HCN	0.373	2	^[8]
P	(H₂PO₃)₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 H₃PO₃	0.38	2	^[6]^: 789
S	2 SO₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	S₂O₃²⁻ + H₂O	0.4	2	^[6]^: 790
O	O₂(g) + 2 H₂O + 4 e^–	⇌	4 OH⁻	0.401	4	^[7]
Mo	H₂MoO₄ + 6 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Mo³⁺ + 4 H₂O	0.43	3
Ru	Ru²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ru(s)	0.455	2	^[19]
V	VO(OH)⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	VOH²⁺ + H₂O	0.481	1	^[6]^: 793
Re	Re³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Re(s)	0.5	3	^[3]
C	CH₃OH(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	CH₄(g) + H₂O	0.5	2
S	SO₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	S(s) + 2 H₂O	0.5	4	^[6]^: 790
S	4 SO₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	S₄O₆²⁻ + 2 H₂O	0.51	6	^[16]
Cu	Cu⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cu(s)	0.52	1	^[13]
C	CO(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	C(s) + H₂O	0.52	2	^[6]^: 788
I	I₃⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	3 I⁻	0.53	2	^[7]
Te	TeO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Te(s) + 2 H₂O	0.53	4	^[6]^: 790
Cu	Cu²⁺ + Cl⁻ + e^–	⇌	CuCl(s)	0.54	1	^[16]
I	I₂(s) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 I⁻	0.54	2	^[7]
Au	AuI₄⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 4 I⁻	0.56	3
As	H₃AsO₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₃AsO₃(aq) + H₂O	0.56	2	^[6]^: 789
S	S₂O₆²⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 H₂SO₃	0.569	2	^[6]^: 790
Au	AuI₂⁻ + e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 2 I⁻	0.58	1
Mn	MnO₄⁻ + 2 H₂O + 3 e^–	⇌	MnO₂(s) + 4 OH⁻	0.595	3	^[1]
S	S₂O₃²⁻ + 6 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	2 S(s) + 3 H₂O	0.6	4	^[6]^: 790
Fe	Fc⁺ + e^–	⇌	Fc(s)	0.63	1	Substantial literature variation^[23]
Mo	H₂MoO₄(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	MoO₂(s) + 2 H₂O	0.65	2
N	HN₃(aq) + 11 H⁺ + 8 e^–	⇌	3 NH₄⁺	0.69	8	^[16]
O	O₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂O₂(aq)	0.695	2	^[8]
Sb	Sb₂O₅(s) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Sb₂O₃(s) + 2 H₂O	0.699	4	^[6]^: 789
C	+ 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌		0.6992	2	^[10]
V	H₂V₁₀O₂₈⁴⁻ + 24 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	10 VO(OH)⁺ + 8 H₂O	0.723	10	^[6]^: 793
Pt	PtCl₆²⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	PtCl₄²⁻ + 2 Cl⁻	0.726	2	^[15]
Fe	Fe₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Fe²⁺ + 3 H₂O	0.728	2	^[18]^: p.100
Se	H₂SeO₃(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Se(s) + 3 H₂O	0.74	4	^[8]
At	AtO⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	At⁺ + H₂O	0.74	2	^[21]
Tl	Tl³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Tl(s)	0.741	3	^[8]
No	No³⁺ + e^–	⇌	No²⁺	0.75	1	^[24]
Pt	PtCl₄²⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pt(s) + 4 Cl⁻	0.758	2	^[15]
Br	BrO⁻ + H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	Br⁻ + 2 OH⁻	0.76	2	^[6]^: 791
Po	Po⁴⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Po(s)	0.76	4	^[8]
S	(SCN)₂ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 SCN⁻	0.769	2	^[25]^[8]
Fe	Fe³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Fe²⁺	0.771	1	^[8]
Hg	Hg₂²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Hg(l)	0.7973	2	^[8]
Ag	Ag⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ag(s)	0.7996	1	^[10]
N	2 NO₃⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	N₂O₄(g) + 2 H₂O	0.803	2	^[6]^: 789
Fe	2 FeO₄²⁻ + 5 H₂O + 6 e^–	⇌	Fe₂O₃(s) + 10 OH⁻	0.81	6	^[12]
Au	AuBr₄⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 4 Br⁻	0.85	3
Hg	Hg²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Hg(l)	0.85	2
Ir	IrCl₆²⁻ + e^–	⇌	IrCl₆³⁻	0.87	1	^[6]^: 153
Mn	MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	HMnO₄⁻	0.9	1
Po	Po⁴⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Po²⁺	0.9	2	^[8]
Hg	2 Hg²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Hg₂²⁺	0.91	2	^[13]
Pd	Pd²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pd(s)	0.915	2	^[15]
Au	AuCl₄⁻ + 3 e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 4 Cl⁻	0.93	3
N	NO₃⁻ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HNO₂(aq)	0.94	2	^[6]^: 789
Mn	MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	Mn³⁺ + 2 H₂O	0.95	1
N	NO₃⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	NO(g) + 2 H₂O	0.958	3	^[7]
Au	AuBr₂⁻ + e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 2 Br⁻	0.96	1
Fe	Fe₃O₄(s) + 8 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	3 Fe²⁺ + 4 H₂O	0.98	2	^[18]^: p.100
Xe	HXeO₆³⁻ + 2 H₂O + 2 e^–	⇌	HXeO₄⁻ + 4 OH⁻	0.99	2	^[6]^: 792^[26]
N	HNO₂(aq) + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	NO(g) + H₂O	0.996	1	^[6]^: 789
At	HAtO + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	At + H₂O	1.0	1	^[20]
V	VO₂⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	VO²⁺ + H₂O	1	1	^[27]
Te	H₆TeO₆(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	TeO₂(s) + 4 H₂O	1.02	2	^[27]
N	NO₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	NO(g) + H₂O	1.03	2	^[16]
Br	Br₃⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	3 Br⁻	1.05	2	^[16]
Sb	Sb₂O₅(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Sb₂O₄(s) + H₂O	1.055	2	^[6]^: 789
I	ICl₂⁻ + e^–	⇌	2 Cl⁻ + I(s)	1.06	1	^[16]
Br	Br₂(l) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Br⁻	1.066	2	^[10]
N	N₂O₄(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 HNO₂	1.07	2	^[6]^: 789
Br	Br₂(aq) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Br⁻	1.0873	2	^[10]
Ru	RuO₂ + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ru²⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.120	2	^[19]
Cu	Cu²⁺ + 2 CN⁻ + e^–	⇌	Cu(CN)₂⁻	1.12	1	^[13]
I	IO₃⁻ + 5 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	HIO(aq) + 2 H₂O	1.13	4	^[6]^: 791
O	H₂O₂(aq) + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	H₂O + HO•	1.14	1	^[6]^: 790
Au	AuCl₂⁻ + e^–	⇌	Au(s) + 2 Cl⁻	1.15	1
Se	HSeO₄⁻ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	H₂SeO₃(aq) + H₂O	1.15	2	^[6]^: 790
Ag	Ag₂O(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Ag(s) + H₂O	1.17	2
Cl	ClO₃⁻ + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	ClO₂(g) + H₂O	1.175	1	^[6]^: 791
Xe	HXeO₆³⁻ + 5 H₂O + 8 e^–	⇌	Xe(g) + 11 OH⁻	1.18	8	^[26]
Pt	Pt²⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pt(s)	1.188	2	^[15]
Cl	ClO₂(g) + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	HClO₂(aq)	1.19	1	^[28]
I	2 IO₃⁻ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	I₂(s) + 6 H₂O	1.2	10	^[16]
Mn	MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Mn²⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.224	2	^[10]
O	O₂(g) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	2 H₂O	1.229	4	^[7]
N	N₂H₅⁺ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 NH₄⁺	1.28	2	^[6]^: 789
Cl	ClO₄⁻ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	ClO₃⁻ + H₂O	1.23	2	^[29]
Ru	[Ru(bipy)₃]³⁺ + e^–	⇌	[Ru(bipy)₃]²⁺	1.24	1	^[1]
Xe	HXeO₄⁻ + 3 H₂O + 6 e^–	⇌	Xe(g) + 7 OH⁻	1.24	6	^[6]^: 792^[26]
N	2 NO₃⁻ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	N₂(g) + 6 H₂O	1.25	10	^[6]^: 789
Tl	Tl³⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Tl⁺	1.25	2	^[6]^: 788
N	2 HNO₂(aq) + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	N₂O(g) + 3 H₂O	1.297	4	^[6]^: 789
Cr	Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	2 Cr³⁺ + 7 H₂O	1.33	6	^[4]^: 1005
N	NH₃OH⁺ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	NH₄⁺ + H₂O	1.35	2	^[6]^: 789
Cl	Cl₂(g) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 Cl⁻	1.36	2	^[7]
Ru	RuO₄⁻ + 8 H⁺ + 5 e^–	⇌	Ru²⁺ + 4 H₂O	1.368	5	^[19]
Ru	RuO₄ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	RuO₂ + 2 H₂O	1.387	4	^[19]
Co	CoO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	Co³⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.42	1
N	2 NH₃OH⁺ + H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	N₂H₅⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.42	2	^[4]
I	2 HIO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	I₂(s) + 2 H₂O	1.44	2	^[6]^: 791
Br	BrO₃⁻ + 5 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	HBrO(aq) + 2 H₂O	1.447	4	^[6]^: 791
Pb	β⁻PbO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb²⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.46	2	^[13]
Pb	α⁻PbO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb²⁺ + 2 H₂O	1.468	2	^[13]
Br	2 BrO₃⁻ + 12 H⁺ + 10 e^–	⇌	Br₂(l) + 6 H₂O	1.48	10
At	HAtO₃ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	HAtO + 2 H₂O	1.5	4	^[20]
Mn	MnO₄⁻ + 8 H⁺ + 5 e^–	⇌	Mn²⁺ + 4 H₂O	1.51	5	^[16]
O	HO₂• + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	H₂O₂(aq)	1.51	1
Au	Au³⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Au(s)	1.52	3
Ru	RuO₄²⁻ + 8 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	Ru²⁺ + 4 H₂O	1.563	4	^[19]
N	2 NO(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	N₂O(g) + H₂O	1.59	2	^[6]^: 789
Ni	NiO₂(s) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Ni²⁺ + 2 OH⁻	1.59	2
Ce	Ce⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ce³⁺	1.61	1
Cl	2 HClO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Cl₂(g) + 2 H₂O	1.63	2	^[28]
I	IO₄⁻ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	IO₃⁻ + H₂O	1.64	2	^[29]
Ag	Ag₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺ + 4 e^–	⇌	2 Ag⁺ + 3 H₂O	1.67	4
Cl	HClO₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	HClO(aq) + H₂O	1.67	2	^[28]
Pb	Pb⁴⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Pb²⁺	1.69	2	^[13]
Mn	MnO₄⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	MnO₂(s) + 2 H₂O	1.7	3	^[16]
Br	BrO₄⁻ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	BrO₃⁻ + H₂O	1.74	2	^[29]
Ag	AgO(s) + 2 H⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ag⁺ + H₂O	1.77	1
N	N₂O(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	N₂(g) + H₂O	1.77	2	^[6]^: 789
O	H₂O₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 H₂O	1.78	2	^[28]
Au	Au⁺ + e^–	⇌	Au(s)	1.83	1	^[13]
Co	Co³⁺ + e^–	⇌	Co²⁺	1.92	1	^[8]
Ag	Ag²⁺ + e^–	⇌	Ag⁺	1.98	1	^[13]
O	S₂O₈²⁻ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 SO₄²⁻	2.01	2	^[10]
O	O₃(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	O₂(g) + H₂O	2.075	2	^[15]
Mn	HMnO₄⁻ + 3 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	MnO₂(s) + 2 H₂O	2.09	2
Xe	XeO₃(aq) + 6 H⁺ + 6 e^–	⇌	Xe(g) + 3 H₂O	2.12	6	^[6]^: 792^[26]
Xe	H₄XeO₆(aq) + 8 H⁺ + 8 e^–	⇌	Xe(g) + 6 H₂O	2.18	8	^[6]^: 792^[26]
Fe	FeO₄²⁻ + 8 H⁺ + 3 e^–	⇌	Fe³⁺ + 4 H₂O	2.2	3	^[30]
Xe	XeF₂(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	Xe(g) + 2 HF(aq)	2.32	2	^[26]^[28]
O	HO• + H⁺ + e^–	⇌	H₂O	2.38	1	^[6]^: 790
Xe	H₄XeO₆(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	XeO₃(aq) + 3 H₂O	2.42	2	^[26]^[6]^: 792
F	F₂(g) + 2 e^–	⇌	2 F⁻	2.87	2	^[6]^: 153^[7]^[13]
Cm	Cm²⁺ + e^–	⇌	Cm³⁺	3.0	1	Estimated^[3]
F	F₂(g) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e^–	⇌	2 HF(aq)	3.077	2	^[3]
Tb	Tb⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Tb³⁺	3.1	1	Estimated^[3]
Pr	Pr⁴⁺ + e^–	⇌	Pr³⁺	3.2	1	Estimated^[3]
Kr	KrF₂(aq) + 2 e^–	⇌	Kr(g) + 2 F⁻	3.27	2	Estimated^[31]

Notes

1 2 Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH₃.

References

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↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
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External links

Chemistry LibreTexts (2021-04-26). "P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
California State University, Northridge (CSUN). "Standard Reduction Potentials" (PDF). csun.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
Wardman, Peter (1989). "Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution" (PDF). srd.nist.gov. p. 1637. Bibcode:1989JPCRD..18.1637W. doi:10.1063/1.555843. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1

A carregar…

Standard electrode potential (data page)

Table of standard electrode potentials

See also

Notes

References

External links