Osama bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Laden was the founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda from 1988 until his killing in 2011. A Salafi jihadist, bin Laden worked to establish a pan-Islamist caliphate by using al-Qaeda to organize and fund jihadist militants and terrorists worldwide. Al-Qaeda's terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001 directly killed 2,977 victims, and resulted in the global war on terror. Bin Laden also led al-Qaeda and its allies' efforts in the 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War, the Algerian Civil War (1992–2002), and the Bosnian War (1992–1995), and was also responsible for the World Trade Center bombing in 1993 in New York City.