Early life

Born c. 1060 at Gaeta, Giovanni belonged to the Caetani family.^[1] He was educated and later became a monk at Monte Cassino.^[2] Pope Urban II, who wished to improve the style of papal documents, brought him to Rome and made Giovanni a papal subdeacon (August 1088) and cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin (probably on 23 September 1088).^[2] As chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1089 to 1118,^[2] he drastically reformed the papal administration, establishing a permanent staff of clerks for the papacy, overcoming the previous custom of relying on Roman notaries to write papal documents, and introducing the minuscule curial script. His tenure also established the precedent of the papal chancellor always being a cardinal and holding the office for life or until elected pope.^{[citation needed]}

Pontificate

Upon his unanimous election to succeed Pope Paschal II in 1118, Giovanni took the name Gelasius II.^[2] He was immediately seized by Cencio II Frangipane, a partisan of Emperor Henry V, but was freed by a general uprising of the Romans on his behalf.^[3]

Gelasius was driven from Rome in March 1118, by Henry V who sought to enforce the privilege of investiture. His election was pronounced null and void by Henry who set up Maurice Bourdin, Archbishop of Braga, as antipope under the name of Gregory VIII. Gelasius fled to Gaeta, where he was ordained a priest on 9 March 1118 and on the following day received episcopal consecration. He at once excommunicated Henry V and the antipope and, under Norman protection, was able to return to Rome in July. But the disturbances of the imperialist party, especially those of the Frangipani, who attacked the Pope while celebrating Mass in the church of St. Prassede, compelled Gelasius to go once more into exile. He set out for France, consecrating the cathedral of Pisa on the way,^[4] and arrived at Marseille in October. He was received with great enthusiasm at Avignon, Montpellier and other cities, and held a synod at Vienne in January 1119. Gelasius died 29 January 1119 at the Abbey of Cluny, whilst planning to hold a general council to settle the investiture controversy.^[5]