Filial responsibility laws impose a duty, usually upon adult children, for elderly care of their parents or other relatives. Such laws may be enforced by governmental or private entities and may be at the state or national level. While most filial responsibility laws contemplate civil enforcement, some include criminal penalties for adult children or close relatives who fail to provide for family members when challenged to do so. The key concept is impoverished, as there is no requirement that the parent be aged. For some societies, filial piety has been applied to family responsibilities toward elders.