The Duluth model is a pseudoscientific protocol for coordinated intervention of community resources against intimate partner violence (IPV). While it remains the primary means of addressing such violence in many American states, legal, social, and academic critics widely consider the model to be pseudoscientific, less effective compared to other protocols, or biased because it incorrectly categorically rejects women's violence, violence within same-sex relationships, bidirectional abuse,, and theoretically unsound as it was not created through academic study. Academics have demonstrated that it is an extreme, negative, and polarized model.