Asabiyyah or asabiyya is a concept of social solidarity with an emphasis on unity, group consciousness, and a sense of shared purpose and social cohesion. Originally rooted in tribal and clan loyalties, asabiyyah came to signify social solidarity in a broader sense after Ibn Khaldun made it the central concept in his explanation of the cyclical rise and fall of dynastic states. Arabist Franz Rosenthal, in his English translation of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah, translated asabiyyah as group feeling. However, it can carry negative connotations due to its use in contexts of ethnic and linguistic nationalism or partisanship, i.e., loyalty to one's group regardless of circumstances.