Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol used primarily for residential and commercial building automation. It is a mesh network using low-energy radio waves to communicate from device to device, allowing for wireless control of smart home devices, such as smart lights, security systems, thermostats, sensors, smart door locks, and garage door openers. Z-Wave Long Range (ZWLR) is a sub-GHz wireless communication protocol designed to extend smart home connectivity, offering a range of up to 1.5 miles. It enables direct hub-to-device communication, supports up to 4,000 nodes per network, and is designed for large properties and commercial, industrial, and outdoor use. Both technologies are managed and owned by the Z-Wave Alliance, with over 200 companies involved in the technology within the organization.