Quadragesimo anno is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum, further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Rerum novarum, which primarily addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discussed the ethical implications of the social and economic order. Quadragesimo anno describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, socialism, and communism as practised in Russia. In it, Pius XI also called for reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity.