A print-disabled person is "a person who cannot effectively read print because of a visual, physical, perceptual, developmental, cognitive, or learning disability" that impede the ability to read or manipulate books and other print media. A print disability prevents a person from gaining information from printed material in the standard way, and requires them to utilize alternative methods to access that information. Print disabilities include various visual impairments, learning disabilities, and physical disabilities. Chemical sensitivities or allergic reactions to ink or paper can also be considered print disabilities. The term was coined by George Kerscher, a pioneer in digital talking books.