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Muak language
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| Muak Sa-aak | |
|---|---|
| Region | Burma, China |
Native speakers | 4,500 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ukk |
| Glottolog | tail1246 |
Muak Sa-aak (autonym: mùak sɤ́ʔàak, meaning 'mountain slope') is an Angkuic language spoken in the Burma-China border region by over 4,000 people.
Demographics
There are some 4,460 Muak Sa-aak in Burma and China. Muak Sa-aak speakers are located primarily in Mong Yawng Township, Shan State, Burma (Hall 2010:4). There are at least 2 villages in China, with speakers possibly located in Thailand as well, though it would be nearly extinct there (Hall 2010).
Hall (2010) analyzes phonological data from the Muak Sa-aak village of Wan Fai, eastern Shan State, Burma, which has 620 people and is located very close to the Chinese border.
Phonology
The following content is from Hall (2010)'s MA Thesis, consisting of her field work documentation and materials gathered from Muak Sa-aak speakers at Wan Fan village, Eastern Shan State.
Word structure
There are eight presyllables /p t k ʔ pʰ kʰ s m/, typically accompanied by a short vowel (either [ă] or [ɤ̆]) nucleus when realized, eg. /smɤɲ³/ [sɤ̆ˈmɤɲ³] 'star'.[2] The phonological word in Muak Sa-aak is C1.ˈCi(Cm)V(Cf)T.[2]
Suprasegmentals (tones)
The Wan Fan variety of Muak Sa-aak has three tones: low, checked, and falling.[3]
| Tone | Note | Example |
|---|---|---|
| V̀ | With long vowel, diphthongs, + short nuclei with sonorant codas | kjeː¹ 'root' |
| V́ | High tone on vowel and a high falling tone on long vowel | kak² 'to bite' |
| V̂ | High falling tone, only on live syllables | kʰraːŋ³ 'eagle' |
Consonants
Hall (2010) describes the following onset clusters /pr pw pʰr pʰw (tr) kr kw kʰr kʰw/ in Muak Sa-aak. /tr/ is limited in Tai Lue borrowed words.[3]
Onsets
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | w | l r | j | |||
Codas
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w | l | j |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ɤ ɤː | o oː |
| Open | ɛ | a | ɔ |
| Diphthongs | [iə] | [uə] | |
References
- ↑ Hopple, Paulette. 2007. Notes re: the visit of Plang from Mong Yawng. Unpublished ms (quoted in Hall 2010).
- 1 2 Sidwell 2015, p. 53.
- 1 2 Sidwell 2015, p. 52.
- 1 2 Hall 2014b, p. 25.
Further reading
- Hall, Elizabeth (2010). A Phonology of Muak Sa-aak. Unpublished MA thesis. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Payap University.
- Sidwell, Paul (2015). The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.
- Journal articles
- Hall, Elizabeth (2014a). "Impact of Tai Lue on Muak Sa-aak phonology" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 43 (1): 24–30.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Hall, Elizabeth (2014b). "An Analysis of Muak Sa-aak Tone". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 7: 1–10.
- Hall, Elizabeth (2013). "A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak". Mon-Khmer Studies. 42: 26–39.
- Hall, Elizabeth (2019). "Muak Sa-aak: Challenges of an Extensive Phoneme Inventory for a Contained Latin-Based Orthography". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 12 (2): i–viii.