The Italian Communist Party was a communist and later democratic socialist political party in Italy. It was established in Livorno as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921, when it seceded from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), under the leadership of Amadeo Bordiga, Antonio Gramsci, and Nicola Bombacci. Outlawed under the fascist regime, the party continued to operate underground and played a major role in the Italian resistance movement before and during World War 2. The party's Italian road to socialism ideology, the planned realisation of the communist project through democracy, repudiated the use of violence and applied the Constitution of Italy in all its parts,. This was a strategy inaugurated under Palmiro Togliatti but that some date back to Gramsci, and would become the leitmotif of the party's history from then on.