Pre-Historic Era

Main Page: see Helwan retouch

The Helwan and Isnian cultures of the late Epipalaeolithic (10000BC),^[17] and their Ouchata retouch methods for creating microlithic tools may have contributed to the development of the Harifian cultural assemblage of the Sinai,^{[citation needed]} which may have introduced Proto-Semitic languages into the Middle East.

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  Helwan points (Abu Salem points sub-type)
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  Map of the Levantine sites with Helwan points

Pre-Dynastic Era

Initial inhabitation of Helwan began in 5300BC, with the emergence of the El Omari Culture in the Wadi Hof Region, introducing one of the first instances of permanent agricultural settlement in the Nile Delta.^[18] Its location safe from the Nile Floods made it one of the earliest settlements in not only Egypt, but Africa as a whole.

Helwan then became contemporary with the Buto-Maadi Culture found in Maadi, just north of the town, at around 4000BC.^[19]

Ancient Egyptian Era

Around 3300 to 2600 BC, there was a cemetery near Helwan serving the city of Memphis.^[20] Some of the earliest evidence of writing stem from the tombs found in Helwan.^[21]

The Predynastic King Ni-Neith was buried in Helwan around 3230BCE.^[22]

Helwan was Incorporated into the Inebu-Hedj Nome of Ancient Egypt, making it part of the first ever country subdivison.

The Predynastic queen Neithhotep, the earliest attested woman in history, was mentioned on a label in Helwan cemetry.

The Sadd el Kafara Dam was built in Wadi Hof, Helwan in 2600BCE, making it the oldest major dam in History.^[8]

Helwan contains the tombs of Khnemetptah,Nysuheqat and Sitba, and also attests Ka ,Narmer and Meriiti.^[23][24]

The Cemetery was used the most during the Middle Kingdom.

The district of El Masara in Helwan has been historically identified as Goshen, the land where Moses was born. If Moses had lived during the 15th century BCE, Helwan would be a likely candidate for the birthplace of Moses.^[9] Furthermore, Coptic and later Islamic tradition identify the land as the birthplace of Moses.

Roman Era

In the Coptic era, Christians and Jews inhabited the area and built monasteries, churches, and synagogues. Foreigners, especially Greeks and Italians, also lived in Helwan, spreading Roman orthodox and Catholic churches in the area.^[25][16]

Helwan's springs were mentioned on the Rosetta Stone.^[26]

Helwan has been identified with the City of Alphocranon.

Alphocranon was important enough in the Late Roman province of Arcadia Aegypti to be a suffragan of its Metropolitan Archbishop of Oxyrhynchus.

Its bishop, Harpocration, participated in the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The bishopric is mentioned in two Notitiae Episcopatuum.^[27][28]No longer a residential diocese, Alphocranon is today listed by the Catholic Church as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric,^[29] nominally restoring the diocese since 1933, but no incumbent is recorded.

Islamic Era

Due to a plague in the capital Fustat, Helwan was made the temporary substitute capital of Umayyad Egypt in 689 CE by its governor Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, who died in the new city.^[30]

Modern history

After a period of Ottoman decline, the area was revitalised under Abbas Helmy Pasha, when its theraputic springs were re-discovered.

In 1849, a professor at the Cairo School of Medicine promoted the health benefits of sulfur springs, and the government of Khedive Abbas I sent soldiers to exploit the sulfur springs at Helwan. The experiment was reported a success, and a wooden tank and two small rooms were built there, which drew large numbers of Egyptian visitors and some European visitors.^[31][32][33]

In 1868, Ismail, the Khedive of Egypt, sent a scientific committee to study the springs and ordered the Public Works Department to build a bathhouse. While laying the foundation, workers found a circular basin about eight meters in diameter built of 25-centimeter red brick lined with limestone along with broken columns, bases, and capitals. The basin has been identified with a bathhouse described by Al-Maqrizi.^{[citation needed]} Facilities eventually included baths for Europeans, a private bath for the Khedive, and fourteen public baths, along with a 40-room hotel first called the Grand Hotel and later the Grand Baths Hotel.^[34]

Helwan became the capital of Egypt under Tawfiq Pasha, who later died in the city.^[16] Cairo and Helwan were connected by railway and by the Nile. Trains ran every half hour from Bab al-Louq station until 1909.^[35]

The Khedivial Astronomical Observatory was built here 1903–1904, and was used to observe Halley's Comet. Zulfiqar Pasha built the Japanese Garden between 1917 and 1920. A natural spring emerged in 1939, and the Helwan wax museum, founded in Cairo by Fouad Abdel Malek in 1934, was relocated near it. ^{[citation needed]} Egypt's oldest and largest private psychiatric clinic, the Behman Hospital, was constructed here in 1939.^[36]

During the early part of the 20th century, the city was the site of RAF Helwan, a major British airfield, which was later used by the Egyptian Air Force.^{[citation needed]}

After the 1952 revolution, Helwan shifted from a health resort to an industrial center, and many of its buildings and palaces were later demolished.^[37] In 1959, Helwan was chosen to serve as a site of a major industrial city, as part of President Gamal Abdel Nasser's attempts to industrialize Egypt. Throughout the 1960s, it developed into a massive steelworks zone, with numerous automobile factories being built. The site continues to use electricity from the Aswan Dam and iron ore from Egypt's western deserts. Helwan was gradually transformed into a mass suburb of Cairo for the working class.^[38]

Helwan Governorate

In April 2008, the Helwan Governorate was split from the Cairo Governorate, encompassing most of the districts outside the ring road, as well as all satellite cities (15th May, New Cairo, Shorouk, Badr, and Huckstep) and the undeveloped desert.^[39] Helwan was elevated to city status, incorporating the districts of al-Ma'sara, 'Ain Helwan (qism Helwan), and al-Mustaqbal (prev. 15 May), and became the capital of the new governorate.^[40] Maadi was also elevated to city status, incorporating the districts of Maadi, Tora, al-Tibin and al-Nahda.^[40] Helwan Governorate later incorporated the rural counties (marakiz, sing. markaz) of Al-Saf and Atfih from the Giza Governorate's former jurisdiction east of the Nile.^[41]

Following the dissolution of the Helwan Governorate in April 2011, all cities and districts returned to their previous statuses, and the city of Helwan was reincorporated as a district.^[6][42]