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Comment: Note that I can vouch for the subject's notability; very important person in modern Korean history. But reviewer will need to look thru for hallucinations grapesurgeon (talk) 07:29, 21 August 2026 (UTC)- Comment: I have thoroughly revised the article to prevent AI hallucinations. Current version of the article was written without AI assistance. Every source has been vetted thoroughly Flyingphoenixchips (talk) 02:45, 19 August 2026 (UTC)
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Lee Han-yeol | |
|---|---|
| Born | August 29, 1966 Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea |
| Died | July 5, 1987 (aged 20) Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea |
Resting place | May 18th National Cemetery, Gwangju, South Korea |
| Education | Yonsei University, Business Administration (enrolled 1986, did not graduate) |
| Known for | Symbol of the June Democratic Struggle, 1987 |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 이한열 |
| Hanja | 李韓烈 |
| RR | I Hanyeol |
| MR | I Hanyŏl |
Lee Han-yeol (Korean: 이한열; August 29, 1966 – July 5, 1987) was a South Korean student activist who became a central symbol of the June Democratic Struggle.[1] He was twenty years old and finishing his second year at Yonsei University when riot police shot him in the head with a tear gas[2] canister during a campus demonstration on June 9, 1987.[3] He never regained consciousness and died twenty-six days later.[4][5]
Early life
Lee Han-yeol was born on August 29, 1966, in Namjeong-ri, Neungju-myeon, Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea, the fourth of five children and the first son, born after three older sisters.[6] His father was Lee Byeong-seop (이병섭) and his mother was Bae Eun-sim (배은심).[6] He attended schools in Gwangju, graduating from Gwangju Jinheung High School in February 1985.[7] After failing the university entrance exam on his first attempt and spending a year at a cram school, he enrolled in Yonsei's Department of Business Administration in March 1986.[7] At Yonsei he co-founded a student comics club, Manhwa Sarang (만화사랑), which brought together student-movement participants and students who simply loved comics and at one point he arranged for a minjung-art painter to teach drawing there.[6] His high-school diaries, preserved by his family and was later restored by the National Archives of Korea[8]
His school years in Gwangju placed him in the city during the May 18 Democratic Uprising of 1980.[9][10] His parents kept him home during the violence, leaving him unaware at the time of the full scale of the military crackdown.[11] It was only at Yonsei, after seeing photographs and footage of the Gwangju killings, that their nature became clear to him, and, according to his mother's later account broadcast by NHK, that was when he committed himself to the democracy movement.[7][9]
June 9, 1987
By early 1987 South Korea was at a breaking point[14]. In January, the student Park Jong-cheol had died under police torture, and the government had tried to suppress the facts; when the truth emerged in May, public anger found a focal point, and student groups set June 10 as a nationwide protest date, with campuses holding rallies the day before.[15][16]
At Yonsei that afternoon, Lee took part in the "Yonsei Resolution Rally for the June 10 Struggle" (6·10대회 출정을 위한 연세인 결의대회), held in preparation for the following day's national demonstration demanding an end to constitutional entrenchment and accountability for Park Jong-cheol's death.[17] By early morning, hundreds of riot police had been deployed around the Yonsei main gate and the Sinchon rotary.[18] The rally near the gate turned into a confrontation, and some officers fired SY-44 tear gas canisters horizontally into the crowd rather than upward, in violation of police regulations.[3][7] One canister struck Lee in the back of the head and he collapsed; a fellow student, Lee Jong-chang, a second-year library-science student, caught him as he fell.[3][18] While being carried toward Severance Hospital he had not yet lost full consciousness, and his last recorded words, spoken about an hour after the impact, were, "I have to go to City Hall tomorrow."[18] Reuters photographer Jeong Tae-won (정태원) captured the moment; the photograph ran on the front page of the JoongAng Ilbo, was reproduced widely in Korea and abroad, and became the defining image of the movement.[19][3] Lee never regained consciousness at Severance Hospital.[20]
Death and funeral
On June 29, ruling-party candidate Roh Tae-woo issued the June 29 Declaration, conceding the protesters' demand for direct presidential elections while Lee remained unconscious in intensive care.[22] Lee died on July 5, 1987, of cardiac and pulmonary failure caused by his brain injury, without ever learning that the government had conceded; a post-mortem forensic report, later restored by the National Archives, confirmed the cause of death as the canister strike to his head.[7][8] His shooting, coming so soon after the revelation of Park Jong-cheol's torture death, drove nationwide anger to a level that proved decisive.[7]
His funeral on July 9 was held as the "Democratic People's National Funeral" (민주국민장).[6] The procession began at Yonsei, passed through Sinchon rotary, Seoul City Hall and Gwanghwamun, and then moved on to Gwangju.[6] An estimated one million people lined the streets of Seoul and around 500,000 gathered in Gwangju, for roughly 1.6 million mourners nationwide.[6] He was buried at the May 18th National Cemetery in Gwangju.[6] The constitutional amendment establishing direct presidential elections passed by referendum on October 28 that year.[23]
Legacy
A commemorative anthology, Lee Han-yeol: Cry of the June Sky (이한열, 유월하늘의 함성이여), was published in November 1989, and a memorial association was established that month.[6] Yonsei University posthumously awarded him an honorary bachelor's degree on February 29, 1992.[6] The Lee Han-yeol Memorial Museum (이한열기념관) opened in the Sinchon neighborhood of Seoul on June 9, 2005, funded by state compensation his mother received and by public donations.[24] It holds the sweatshirt, jeans, and sneakers Lee wore on June 9, along with other personal effects and documents from the June Struggle.[25] In 2021 the National Archives of Korea completed the restoration of 38 records from his life, including his high-school diary, letters to his parents, search-and-seizure warrants issued after his death, and audio of the funeral, including the eulogy by Pastor Moon Ik-hwan.[8] In November 2025, the Korea Heritage Service named his clothing and shoes among South Korea's first "preliminary cultural heritage" objects, alongside Kim Dae-jung's Nobel Peace Prize medal.[19][26] The Yonsei University School of Business has hosted annual academic seminars in his name since 2018.[27]
His mother, Bae Eun-sim, became a human rights activist after his death. She led a national association of families who had lost relatives in the pro-democracy protests of the 1980s, and in June 2020 received the Moran Medal, the second-highest Order of Civil Merit, for her contributions to democratization.[28] She died on January 9, 2022, aged 82.[9] Actor Kang Dong-won portrayed Lee in the 2017 film 1987: When the Day Comes and donated 200 million won to the Lee Han-yeol Memorial Foundation after the role.[29]
See also
References
- ↑ "June Uprising (1987)". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ Service, Washington Post Foreign (July 9, 1987). "S. KOREAN MARCHERS TEAR-GASSED". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 "How South Korea's Pro-Democracy Movement Fought to Ban "Murderous Tear Gas"". Jacobin. June 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ 김정희 (December 1, 2017). 1987 이한열: 쓰러져 일으킨 그날의 이야기 [1987 Lee Han-yeol: The Story of the Day He Fell and Rose] (in Korean). (사)이한열기념사업회 기획. Seoul: 사회평론. p. 272. ISBN 978-89-6435-991-4.
- ↑ "Korea Student's Death Sparks Clash in Seoul". Los Angeles Times. July 6, 1987. Retrieved May 3, 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "이한열(李韓烈)" (in Korean). 한국민족문화대백과사전, 한국학중앙연구원. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "이한열 열사" (in Korean). 민주화운동기념공원. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- 1 2 3 "'6월 민주항쟁 불꽃' 이한열 열사 생애기록 38건 복원" (in Korean). 대한민국 정책브리핑, 행정안전부. June 8, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- 1 2 3 "Mother of late student activist dies at 82". The Korea Herald. January 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "The 1987 June Democratic Struggle: A Pivotal Moment That Brought Genuine Democracy to Korea". Gwangju News. June 5, 2025. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- ↑ 서성란 (2005). 이한열: 나의 행동이 너를 부끄럽지 않게 하기를 (in Korean). 민주화운동기념사업회.
- ↑ Song, Min-sun. ""When the Day Comes;" The Day Has Come". Yonsei Annals.
- ↑ Mi-rang, Choi (June 12, 2017). "[30th Anniversary of the June Democracy Movement] "Watching the Candlelight 30 Years Later, I Knew that the Sacrifice of That Day Was Not in Vain"". 경향신문. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- ↑ Guild, History (February 12, 2025). "South Korea's March to Democracy: from the Gwangju Uprising to the June Democratic Struggle". History Guild. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- ↑ "The 1987 June Democratic Struggle: A Pivotal Moment That Brought Genuine Democracy to Korea". Gwangju News. June 5, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "6·10 Movements – Korea Democratic Movements". archives.kdemo.or.kr. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- ↑ "이한열 최루탄 피격사건" (in Korean). 민주화운동기념사업회 오픈아카이브. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- 1 2 3 "대학생 이한열이 바꾼 대한민국". 르몽드 디플로마티크 (in Korean). February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- 1 2 "Kim Dae-jung's Nobel medal and 1987 protester's bloodstained clothes recognized as heritage". The Korea Herald. November 12, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ Park, Se-eun (2025). "To Remember Is to Resist". The Argus.
- ↑ "Funeral of Lee Han-yeol, 1987.7.9". chwe.net. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
- ↑ "Revisiting June 29 in 1987". The Korea Times. June 28, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "June 1987: Democracy takes root, at least in the Constitution". The Korea Herald. May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "이한열기념관 소개" (in Korean). 이한열기념관. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "The 34th Anniversary of the Memorial Ceremony of Lee Han-yeol". Yonsei University. June 16, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "From a martyr's bloody clothes to a monk's wooden chair, artifacts from Korea's recent past designated 'preliminary cultural heritage'". Korea JoongAng Daily. November 12, 2025. Retrieved May 3, 2026.
- ↑ "First Lee Han-Yeol Academic Seminar". Yonsei School of Business. November 23, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "Mother of late student activist dies at 82". The Korea Times. January 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
- ↑ "Kang Dong-won attends funeral of Lee Han-yeol's mother". The Korea Times. January 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
External links
- Korea Herald: Lee Han-yeol's clothes designated as cultural heritage (2025)
- 한국민족문화대백과사전: 이한열(李韓烈)
- Library of Congress resource guide on the June Uprising
- 민주화운동기념사업회 오픈아카이브: 이한열 최루탄 피격사건
- Yonsei University: 34th Anniversary Memorial Ceremony
- 이한열기념관 공식 홈페이지