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Bacillus mycoides
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| Bacillus mycoides | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bacillus mycoides growing clockwise on an agar plate. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Bacillati |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Caryophanales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | Bacillus |
| Species: | B. mycoides |
| Binomial name | |
| Bacillus mycoides Flügge 1886 | |
| Synonyms | |
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Bacillus mycoides is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus. Like other Bacillus species, B. mycoides is Gram positive, rod-shaped, and forms spores. B. mycoides is distinguished from other Bacillus species by its unusual growth on agar plates, where it forms expansive hairy colonies with characteristic swirls. B. mycoides is a member of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group, a closely related species complex that also includes B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. pseudomycoides, B. cytotoxicus, B. toyonensis, and B. wiedmannii.[1][2]
Description
B. mycoides are rod-shaped cells about 1 micron across and 3 to 5 microns long. When growing, they either grow as single cells or form loosely connected chains of cells.[3] They are not motile. B. mycoides can survive with or without oxygen and grows at temperatures ranging from about 4–7 °C in psychrotolerant strains up to around 40 °C; the species includes both mesophilic strains (no growth at 7 °C, growth at 43 °C) and psychrotolerant strains (growth at 7 °C, no growth at 43 °C).[3][4][5] B. mycoides is distinguished from a number of other Bacillus species in the unusual morphology of the colonies it forms when grown on agar plates. B. mycoides forms white opaque colonies that are characteristically hairy in appearance (often referred to as "rhizoid").[3] These colonies rapidly spread to fill the plate and are characterized by a repeating spiral pattern.[3][6] B. mycoides has the unusual property of being able to respond to mechanical force and surface structure variations in the media on which it is growing.[7]
Colony morphology and chirality
When grown on agar, B. mycoides forms rhizoid ("hairy") colonies built from end-to-end chains of cells arranged in radial filaments.[6] A distinctive feature of the species is that its colonies possess a genetically determined handedness: individual strains are either counterclockwise (SIN) or clockwise (DX) morphotypes, a heritable trait established early during filament growth rather than imposed by agar hardness or nutrient concentration.[6][8] The newly isolated strain Ko01 can switch its direction of rotation depending on agar concentration.[9]
The rhizoid-colony morphotype is shared with Bacillus pseudomycoides, which was split from B. mycoides as a distinct mesophilic species in 1998; the two are morphologically similar but genetically distinct.[10][11]
The type strain is ATCC 6462 (= DSM 2048), isolated from soil; a complete genome sequence is available.[12][13]
Ecology and distribution
B. mycoides is present in a wide variety of environments, especially soil.[3] It is distributed worldwide, particularly in soils of continental cold climates, reflecting its psychrotrophic character, and is also recovered from water, plant and animal tissues, and food matrices.[14] Psychrotolerant strains are a recognised cause of spoilage of refrigerated foods, including fluid milk, and some strains carry the genes for the emetic toxin cereulide, a food-safety concern.[5]
Role in disease
B. mycoides are capable of causing disease in some fish, and were the reported cause of an outbreak of necrotic lesions in channel catfish in a commercial pond in Alabama.[3][15] More recently, B. mycoides has been reported as an emerging pathogen of farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Guangdong, China, associated with ulcerative skin disease and mortality exceeding 60%; experimental challenge reproduced the lesions.[16]
B. weihenstephanensis
In 1998 a new Bacillis species was described, and named Bacillus weihenstephanensis.[17] However, twenty years later, a comparison of the complete genome sequences of B. weihenstephanensis and B. mycoides demonstrated that the two belong to the same genomospecies. Because B. mycoides has priority of publication, B. weihenstephanensis is a later heterotypic synonym of B. mycoides and is not the correct name, but is treated as a synonym. The name B. weihenstephanensis Lechner et al. 1998 was itself validly published, so it remains a valid but incorrect (synonymous) name rather than an invalid one.[4]
Biodegradation
A strain of B. mycoides has been reported to degrade the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.[18]
References
- ↑ Ehling-Schulz, M; et al. (2019). "The Bacillus cereus Group: Bacillus Species with Pathogenic Potential". Microbiology Spectrum. 7 (3) 7.3.6. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0032-2018. PMC 6530592. PMID 31111815.
- ↑ Carroll, LM; Wiedmann, M; Kovac, J (2020). "Proposal of a Taxonomic Nomenclature for the Bacillus cereus Group". mBio. 11 (1). doi:10.1128/mBio.00034-20. PMC 7042689. PMID 32098810.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Logan NA, De Vos P (2015). "Bacillus". In Whitman WB (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–163. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530. ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8.
- 1 2 Liu, Yang; Lai, Qiliang; Shao, Zongze (1 January 2018). "Genome analysis-based reclassification of Bacillus weihenstephanensis as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus mycoides". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (1): 106–112. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002466. PMID 29095136.
- 1 2 Fricker, M; et al. (2019). "Genes Associated With Psychrotolerant Bacillus cereus Group Isolates". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10 662. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00662. PMC 6449464. PMID 30984157.
- 1 2 3 Di Franco, C., Beccari, E., Santini, T., Pisaneschi, G., & Tecce, G. 2002. Colony shape as a genetic trait in the pattern-forming Bacillus mycoides. BMC Microbiol. 2, 33.
- ↑ Stratford, JP; Woodley, MA; Park, S (2013). "Variation in the Morphology of Bacillus mycoides Due to Applied Force and Substrate Structure". PLOS ONE. 8 (12) e81549. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881549S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081549. PMC 3855686. PMID 24324702.
- ↑ Di Franco, C; et al. (2013). "Transcriptional analysis of ftsZ within the dcw cluster in Bacillus mycoides". BMC Microbiology. 13 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-13-27. PMC 3762067. PMID 23384289.
- ↑ Cochran, C; Masuda, H (2016). "Switching of the rotational direction of rhizoidal colonies in a newly isolated Bacillus mycoides strain Ko01". Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 62 (1): 47–51. doi:10.2323/jgam.62.47. PMID 27118071.
- ↑ Nakamura, LK; Jackson, MA (1995). "Clarification of the Taxonomy of Bacillus mycoides". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45 (1): 46–49. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-1-46.
- ↑ Nakamura, LK (1998). "Bacillus pseudomycoides sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 (3): 1031–1035. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-3-1031. PMID 9734060.
- ↑ "Bacillus mycoides Flügge 1886 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Liu et al. 2018". SeqCode Registry.
- ↑ "DSM 2048". DSMZ Catalogue.
- ↑ Drewnowska, JM; et al. (2021). "Pan-Genome Portrait of Bacillus mycoides Provides Insights into the Species Ecology and Evolution". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 9 (1) e00311-21: e0031121. doi:10.1128/Spectrum.00311-21. PMC 8552610. PMID 34287030.
- ↑ Goodwin, AE; Roy, JS; Grizzle, JM; Goldsby, MT (1994). "Bacillus mycoides: a bacterial pathogen of channel catfish". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 18: 173–179. Bibcode:1994DisAO..18..173G. doi:10.3354/dao018173.
- ↑ Yang, X; Cao, H; Ai, X; Lu, L; Yang, Y (2018). "Bacillus mycoides: An Emerging Pathogen of Ulcerative Disease in Farmed Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides". Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh. 70. doi:10.46989/001c.20908.
- ↑ Lechner, Sabine; Scherer, Siegfrie; et al. (1998). "Bacillus weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is a new psychrotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus group". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 (4). Microbiology Society: 1373–1382. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-4-1373. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9828439.
- ↑ Lin, HY; Yu, CP; Chen, ZL (2012). "Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT by newly isolated Bacillus mycoides". Ecological Engineering.
Further reading
- Lin, Hong-Yan; Yu, Chang-Ping; Chen, Zu-Liang (February 16, 2012). "Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT by newly isolated Bacillus mycoides". Ecological Engineering.
- Soufiane, Brahim; Cote, Jean-Charles (March 12, 2013). "Bacillus weihenstephanensis characteristics are present in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides strains". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 341 (2): 127–137. doi:10.1111/1574-6968.12106. PMID 23413955.
External links
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