BETA ZEN
Anextlomarus
Texto da Wikipédia (en), licença CC BY-SA. O BETARUBI mostra o verbete inteiro nesta página — a leitura não continua fora do site.
Anextlomarus or Anextiomarus (Gaulish: Anextlomāros, 'Great Protector') is an ancient Celtic deity. On an inscription from Arbeia (modern South Shields, England), he appears as epithet of the Roman god Apollo. A feminine form of the name, Anextlomara, is attested in a Gallo-Roman dedication from Aventicum (now Avenches, Switzerland). He probably also appears in incomplete form in a fragmentary dedication found near Le Mans, France.
Name
The Gaulish theonym Anextlomāros has been interpreted as 'great protector',[1] 'of great protection',[2] or '(he who is) great in protection'.[3] It is a compound formed with the noun anextlo- ('protection'; cf. Old Irish anacul '[act of] protecting) attached to māros ('great').[3][2][4] The feminine form Anextlomarā, attested in Aventicum (modern Avenches), is translated as 'Great Protectress'.[5]
Anextlomarus is also attested as a personal name at Langres.[6][7]
Epigraphy
Anextlomarus is equated with Apollo and is attested by a small group of Latin dedications in Roman Britain and Gaul, alongside a feminine counterpart, Anextlomara.[1] The name is also borne by private individuals, as on one funerary inscription, which is not a dedication to the god.[8][6][7] The single British attestation, a bronze patera from Arbeia (South Shields), spells the divine name Anextiomarus, its fourteenth letter read as I. The Gaulish texts and the feminine Anextlomara show Anextlo- instead, and the British spelling is usually taken as a variant or an error for it.[9][10]
The dedication from Aventicum (Avenches), of the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, is addressed jointly to Anextlomara and to the reigning emperor.[6] The dedicant's nomen, Publicius, marks him as a freed public slave serving Roman municipalities and colonies, and his Celtic cognomen, Aunus, points to an indigenous origin. Augustus is to be understood here as the generic title of the reigning emperor. Regula Frei-Stolba and Anne Bielman read the joint dedication as an attempt to attach the imperial cult to a local one, and note that the divine name is cut with an oversized X in the form of the Greek chi, a feature they connect with pre-conquest Gaulish epigraphy.[6]
| Text | Find-spot | Divine name(s) | Translation | Reference | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apollini Anextiomaro M(arcus) A(...) Sab(inus?) | South Shields | Apollo Anextiomarus | To Apollo Anextiomarus, Marcus A(...) Sabinus (?) (dedicated this). | RIB II.2, 2415.55 | On a bronze patera, found on the Herd Sand in 1887. The name is spelt Anextio-, against the Gaulish Anextlo-, and some scholars propose to amended to emend it to Anextlomarus.[11] Also published as ILS 4636. |
| [Apollin]i(?) Anex[tlomaro(?)] [...] sac(erdos) eius dei [aedem cum suis ornam]entis d(edit) | Le Mans | Apollo Anextlomarus (?) | To Apollo(?) Anextlomarus(?): [the dedicant], priest of that god, gave [a temple] with its fittings. | CIL XIII, 3190 | Heavily restored. Both divine names are conjectural. From the territory of the Aulerci Cenomani. |
| Anextlomarae et Aug(usto) Public(ius) Aunus [...] | Avenches | Anextlomara | To Anextlomara and to the Emperor, Publicius Aunus (set this up). | Finke 94 | The feminine form Anextlomara paired with the reigning emperor. Also AE 1916, 2; IAvenches 25. |
References
- 1 2 Maier 1997, p. 16.
- 1 2 Delamarre 2003, pp. 49, 218–219.
- 1 2 Markey 2003, pp. 295–296.
- ↑ Lambert 2008, pp. 91–92.
- ↑ Poux, Matthieu; Demierre, Matthieu (2022). Le sanctuaire de Corent (Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne): Vestiges et rituels. CNRS Éditions. p. 623. ISBN 978-2-271-14176-7.
- 1 2 3 4 Frei-Stolba & Bielman 1996, pp. 87–89.
- 1 2 Maier 2001, p. 198.
- ↑ CIL XIII, 11583
- ↑ Collingwood & Wright 1991, p. 58.
- ↑ Birkhan 1997, p. 619.
- ↑ Birkhan 1997, p. 619; see also Collingwood & Wright 1991, p. 58 for doubts about reading i rather than l in the inscription, in light of other attestations of the name.
- Bibliography
- Birkhan, Helmut (1997). Kelten: Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung ihrer Kultur. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-2609-6.
- Collingwood, Robin George; Wright, R. P. (1991). The Roman Inscriptions of Britain: Instrumentum domesticum. Clarendon Press.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Frei-Stolba, Regula; Bielman, Anne (1996). Musée romain d'Avenches: les inscriptions : textes, traduction et commentaire. Association Pro Aventico, Université de Lausanne. ISBN 978-2-9700112-0-0.
- Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2008). "Gaulois Solitumaros". Études celtiques. 36 (1): 89–101. doi:10.3406/ecelt.2008.2303.
- Maier, Bernhard (1997). Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85115-660-6.
- Maier, Bernhard (2001). Die Religion der Kelten: Götter, Mythen, Weltbild. Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-48234-1.
- Markey, Tom L. (2003). "Gaulish Anextlomārus Revisited". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 116 (2): 295–301. ISSN 0935-3518. JSTOR 40849195.
| Overview |   | |
|---|---|---|
| Priests and poets | ||
| Beliefs | ||
| Rites and practices | ||
| Sacred sites | ||
| Cult objects and monuments | ||
| Deities by region | ||